Technological convergence

This working paper addresses the concept of technological convergence as a strategic tool to enhance European innovation and resilience in the field of critical digital technologies. It introduces a working definition of technological convergence as the integration of previously isolated technology solutions into hybrid applications that unlock new capabilities and drive innovation.

The working paper analyses convergence from three perspectives. First, it provides an overview of European policy initiatives, tracing the evolution from strategic autonomy to sovereignty in digital governance. Second, it explores technological maturity and identifies convergence opportunities across the development, growth, and commercial phases. Finally, it identifies the innovation structures and culture that can facilitate convergence, highlighting the role of geopolitical and domestic factors in shaping innovation environments.

Technological convergence is further explored in practice through case studies of Physical AI, AI and cybersecurity, and semiconductors. These case studies illustrate how convergence is already shaping applications and value chains, though often without explicit policy support. The analysis shows that while convergence already takes place in practice, governance frameworks remain largely siloed, limiting the potential for scalable, cross-sectoral innovation at the intersections of technological fields.

To further drive European competitiveness through convergence, the working paper offers four policy recommendations:

• Reduce fragmentation in funding schemes affecting critical digital technologies and establish clear research-to-market pathways through public procurement and public-private partnerships.

• Prioritise highly convergent technologies while using public funding.

• Introduce technological convergence as a mandatory aspect in impact assessments.

• Coordinate efforts to publish annual foresight reports on technological convergence in the EU.

The paper concludes that technological convergence is not a future possibility but a present reality, as innovation and growth are often found in hybrid technology solutions. Through foresight and strategic governance, technological convergence can provide grounds for more secure value chains and high-value hybrid applications, essential to building competitiveness and resilience in Europe.